
Note
To get a complete understanding of the Linux™ file system, the Linux™ Filesystem Hierarchy documentation hosted by tldp is recommended reading.
A filesystem is a method of storing and organizing files — not only in Linux™, but also in other computer operating systems. In Linux™, most files are “regular files”, except for directories, special files, links, sockets, and named pipes. The most common filetypes that users interact with are regular files, directories, and links.
Open a terminal (in Kubuntu™ this is called Konsole) and typing
ls /
This brings up a list similar to the following:
bin boot cdrom dev etc home initrd.img lib lib32 lib64 lost+found media mnt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var vmlinuz
Note
Non todas as listas aparecen exactamente como a anterior.
O que segue é unha visión xeral dos ficheiros ou directorios que aparecer encima.
Visión xeral do sistema
bin
Contains terminal commands that are useful to system administrators (who have full access privileges) and to regular users (who have limited access privileges). The commands in this directory are essential to the operation of a Linux™ system. Some of the commands in the
bin
directory are bash, ls, cp, and cat.boot
Contains the files required for the boot process. In the case of Kubuntu™, it contains the files for the GRUB2 boot-loader, master boot records, map files, and the Linux™ kernel.
cdrom
A symlink or “symbolic link” to
/media/cdrom
, which itself is a symlink to/media/cdrom0
. If a CD is placed into the CDROM drive, the contents of that CD will be available in the/media/cdrom0
directory.dev
Location of special or device files. For example,
/dev/sda0
is the first partition on the hard drive.etc
Contén todos os ficheiros de configuración relacionados co sistema empregados para controlar o funcionamento dos programas.
home
Contén un directorio persoal para cada usuario do sistema. O directorio persoal dun usuario pode conter ficheiros de configuración persoais, documentos, música, vídeos e outros directorios e ficheiros definidos polo usuario.
initrd.img
A symlink to
/boot/initrd.img-<kernel version>
which is required for system startup.lib
Contén os módulos do kernel e as imaxes das bibliotecas compartidas precisos para iniciar o sistema e executar ordes.
lib32
Same as
lib
above, but contains only the 32-bit versions.lib64
Same as
lib
above, but contains only the 64-bit versions.lost+found
Contén o resultado de calquera operación de recuperación debida a un apagado inadecuado do sistema ou a un bloqueo do sistema.
media
Contains the subdirectories which are used as mount points for removable media, such as CDROM drives, USB disks, or floppy disks.
mnt
Generic mount point for filesystems or devices. In most cases,
media
is where most devices will be auto-mounted.opt
Abreviatura de “opcional”. Este directorio emprégase para paquetes engadidos que normalmente instala o usuario manualmente.
proc
Sistema de ficheiros virtual que contén a información do sistema en tempo de execución e que se presenta nunha estrutura tipo ficheiro.
/root
O directorio persoal do administrador do sistema coñecido como “root”.
sbin
Contains programs that are essential to the working of the system, such as fdisk, ifconfig, reboot, and shutdown.
selinux
A pseudo-filesystem containing the commands used by the kernel sub-system for the Security-Enhanced Linux™ feature.
srv
Contén datos específicos do sitio servidos polo sistema.
sys
Contains the Linux™ kernel, firmware, and system-related files.
tmp
Contén ficheiros que se requiren temporalmente. Moitos programas empregan este directorio para crear ficheiros de bloqueo e para o almacenamento temporal dos datos.
usr
Contén a porción maior dos datos do sistema, incluídos os datos do usuario que só se len, así como ficheiros e programas, como os binarios dos programas, documentación, bibliotecas, ficheiros de cabeceira e máis.
/var/
Contén datos variábeis, como ficheiro de rexistro do sistema, directorios de distribución de correo e impresión, así como ficheiros pasaxeiros e temporais.
vmlinuz
A symlink to a compressed executable of the Linux™ kernel.