
Note
To get a complete understanding of the Linux™ file system, the Linux™ Filesystem Hierarchy documentation hosted by tldp is recommended reading.
A filesystem is a method of storing and organizing files — not only in Linux™, but also in other computer operating systems. In Linux™, most files are “regular files”, except for directories, special files, links, sockets, and named pipes. The most common filetypes that users interact with are regular files, directories, and links.
Open a terminal (in Kubuntu™ this is called Konsole) and typing
ls /
This brings up a list similar to the following:
bin boot cdrom dev etc home initrd.img lib lib32 lib64 lost+found media mnt proc root sbin selinux srv sys tmp usr var vmlinuz
Note
Bukan semua senarai kelihatan serupa seperti diatas.
Berikutnya adalah selayang pandang fail atau direktori yang disenaraikan diatas.
Selayang Pandang Sistem Fail
bin
Contains terminal commands that are useful to system administrators (who have full access privileges) and to regular users (who have limited access privileges). The commands in this directory are essential to the operation of a Linux™ system. Some of the commands in the
bin
directory are bash, ls, cp, and cat.boot
Contains the files required for the boot process. In the case of Kubuntu™, it contains the files for the GRUB2 boot-loader, master boot records, map files, and the Linux™ kernel.
cdrom
A symlink or “symbolic link” to
/media/cdrom
, which itself is a symlink to/media/cdrom0
. If a CD is placed into the CDROM drive, the contents of that CD will be available in the/media/cdrom0
directory.dev
Location of special or device files. For example,
/dev/sda0
is the first partition on the hard drive.etc
Mengandungi semua fail konfigurasi berkaitan-sistem yang digunakan untuk mengawal operasi program.
home
Mengandungi direktori rumah bagi setiap pengguna dalam sistem. Direktori rumah pengguna boleh mengandungi gail konfiguras, dokumen, muzik, video, dan lain-lain direktori ditakrif-pengguna dan fail peribadi.
initrd.img
A symlink to
/boot/initrd.img-<kernel version>
which is required for system startup.lib
Mengandungi modul kernel dan imej pustaka terkongsi yang diperlukan untuk membut sistem dan jalankan perintah.
lib32
Same as
lib
above, but contains only the 32-bit versions.lib64
Same as
lib
above, but contains only the 64-bit versions.lost+found
Mengandungi hasil daripada sebarang operasi pemulihan yang disebabkan oleh penutupan sistem yang tidak betul atau berlakunnya kerosakan sistem.
media
Contains the subdirectories which are used as mount points for removable media, such as CDROM drives, USB disks, or floppy disks.
mnt
Generic mount point for filesystems or devices. In most cases,
media
is where most devices will be auto-mounted.opt
Kependekan bagi “optional”. Direktori ini digunakan untuk pakej tambahan yang biasanya dipasang secara manual oleh pengguna.
proc
Sistem fail maya yang mengandungi maklumat sistem masa jalan yang mana hadir di dalam struktur seakan-fail.
/root
Direktori rumah bagi pentadbir sistem yang dikenali sebagai “root”.
sbin
Contains programs that are essential to the working of the system, such as fdisk, ifconfig, reboot, and shutdown.
selinux
A pseudo-filesystem containing the commands used by the kernel sub-system for the Security-Enhanced Linux™ feature.
srv
Mengandungi data khusus-laman yang disediakan oleh sistem.
sys
Contains the Linux™ kernel, firmware, and system-related files.
tmp
Mengandungi fail yang diperlukan buat sementara, Kebanyakan program menggunakan direktori ini untuk mencipta fail kuncian dan untuk storan sementara data.
usr
Mengandungi data perkongsian yang terbesar dalam sistem, termasuklah data pengguna baca-sahaja, dan juga fail dan program seperti binari program, dokumentasi, pustaka, fail pengepala, dan banyak lagi.
/var/
Mengandungi data pembolehubah, seperti fail log sistem, direktori spul pencetak dan mel, serta fail peralihan dan sementara.
vmlinuz
A symlink to a compressed executable of the Linux™ kernel.