Fail Sistem

Note

To get a complete understanding of the Linux™ file system, the Linux™ Filesystem Hierarchy documentation hosted by tldp is recommended reading.

A filesystem is a method of storing and organizing files — not only in Linux™, but also in other computer operating systems. In Linux™, most files are regular files, except for directories, special files, links, sockets, and named pipes. The most common filetypes that users interact with are regular files, directories, and links.

Open a terminal (in Kubuntu™ this is called Konsole) and typing

ls /

This brings up a list similar to the following:

bin
boot
cdrom
dev
etc
home
initrd.img
lib
lib32
lib64
lost+found
media
mnt
proc
root
sbin
selinux
srv
sys
tmp
usr
var
vmlinuz

Note

Bukan semua senarai kelihatan serupa seperti diatas.

Berikutnya adalah selayang pandang fail atau direktori yang disenaraikan diatas.

Selayang Pandang Sistem Fail

bin

Contains terminal commands that are useful to system administrators (who have full access privileges) and to regular users (who have limited access privileges). The commands in this directory are essential to the operation of a Linux™ system. Some of the commands in the bin directory are bash, ls, cp, and cat.

boot

Contains the files required for the boot process. In the case of Kubuntu™, it contains the files for the GRUB2 boot-loader, master boot records, map files, and the Linux™ kernel.

cdrom

A symlink or symbolic link to /media/cdrom, which itself is a symlink to /media/cdrom0. If a CD is placed into the CDROM drive, the contents of that CD will be available in the /media/cdrom0 directory.

dev

Location of special or device files. For example, /dev/sda0 is the first partition on the hard drive.

etc

Mengandungi semua fail konfigurasi berkaitan-sistem yang digunakan untuk mengawal operasi program.

home

Mengandungi direktori rumah bagi setiap pengguna dalam sistem. Direktori rumah pengguna boleh mengandungi gail konfiguras, dokumen, muzik, video, dan lain-lain direktori ditakrif-pengguna dan fail peribadi.

initrd.img

A symlink to /boot/initrd.img-<kernel version> which is required for system startup.

lib

Mengandungi modul kernel dan imej pustaka terkongsi yang diperlukan untuk membut sistem dan jalankan perintah.

lib32

Same as lib above, but contains only the 32-bit versions.

lib64

Same as lib above, but contains only the 64-bit versions.

lost+found

Mengandungi hasil daripada sebarang operasi pemulihan yang disebabkan oleh penutupan sistem yang tidak betul atau berlakunnya kerosakan sistem.

media

Contains the subdirectories which are used as mount points for removable media, such as CDROM drives, USB disks, or floppy disks.

mnt

Generic mount point for filesystems or devices. In most cases, media is where most devices will be auto-mounted.

opt

Kependekan bagi optional. Direktori ini digunakan untuk pakej tambahan yang biasanya dipasang secara manual oleh pengguna.

proc

Sistem fail maya yang mengandungi maklumat sistem masa jalan yang mana hadir di dalam struktur seakan-fail.

/root

Direktori rumah bagi pentadbir sistem yang dikenali sebagai root.

sbin

Contains programs that are essential to the working of the system, such as fdisk, ifconfig, reboot, and shutdown.

selinux

A pseudo-filesystem containing the commands used by the kernel sub-system for the Security-Enhanced Linux™ feature.

srv

Mengandungi data khusus-laman yang disediakan oleh sistem.

sys

Contains the Linux™ kernel, firmware, and system-related files.

tmp

Mengandungi fail yang diperlukan buat sementara, Kebanyakan program menggunakan direktori ini untuk mencipta fail kuncian dan untuk storan sementara data.

usr

Mengandungi data perkongsian yang terbesar dalam sistem, termasuklah data pengguna baca-sahaja, dan juga fail dan program seperti binari program, dokumentasi, pustaka, fail pengepala, dan banyak lagi.

/var/

Mengandungi data pembolehubah, seperti fail log sistem, direktori spul pencetak dan mel, serta fail peralihan dan sementara.

vmlinuz

A symlink to a compressed executable of the Linux™ kernel.